Bus accident is a major health problem for Bus drivers. To identify the risk factors involved in Bus accidents and to design a model showing the relation between the risk factors and Bus driver’s health status, 219 Bus drivers who worked for travel agencies in two areas of west and central Iran were enrolled into this study. We used a questionnaire to gather information regarding both the Bus drivers’ health status and Bus accident. The most prevalent health problems among Bus drivers were musculoskeletal disorders, ulcer, hyperacidity, obesity, hypertension and diabetes. There was a significant (p<0.05) correlation between the chance of Bus accidents and occurrence of low back pain, leg pain, neck pain, hypertension and migraine. Based on the results of this study we suggest a model that can be used to design a prevention plan in making Bus transportation safer. In light of this study, more comprehensive studies can be planned for the safety of traveling by Bus, in Iran. Bus driver’s health status is a determinant factor in the incidence of accidents.

Bus transportation system is one of the most important systems in urban areas. Increasing user’s satisfaction and optimal usage of existent facilities without planning is impossible. Dwell time in Bus stops is one of the parameters that affect the quality of plans in this system. By identifying the factors that affect on dwell time and forecasting this parameter, we can develop proper strategies to reduce dwell time and increase both in vehicle and waited passenger’s satisfaction.  In this paper, Tehran Bus transportation system was studied and factors that can affect dwell time parameters were identified and alternatively some data about dwell time in this system were collected. The regression analysis to estimate the effects of some these factors such as number of alighted and boarded passengers in stops on dwell time parameter was used. Based on the collected data, the ability of some functions in previous studies was evaluated to forecast dwell time parameters and a new nonlinear function to forecast it was developed. By microscopic analyzing of stop process, a new discrete event simulation model based on Enterprise Dynamics software was designed. This model was used to evaluate the strategies that can improve dwell time and estimate the effects of other factors that were not found in the collected data in this case study. The results show the dwell time of Buses in stops can be reduced about 23 percent by changing in payment fare system to electronic payment system. Also the authors found out that the place of stops in this system has not any effect on dwell time parameter or gender of passengers is not important to estimate duration of stopping in stations.

Bus system is one of the public transportation system subsets and it is the most predominant types of public transportations in developing countries. Researches show that, Bus dwell time at Bus stop is an important part of the total traveling time which can take nearly 26 percent of total commuting time. Selecting process factors are of the commonly used components in Bus dwell time modeling at Bus stop which are less considered by scholars. In this study, the affecting parameters are boarding and alighting passengers, number of standee ones on a Bus, fare payment methods and number of passenger that don t know the rout. The used data in this study is obtained from number of regular route Bus stop at Abadan city which were taken by SPSS software. Creating the data bank, the Linear Polynomial Regression Models concerning investigation of the effects of variables on the passengers' wait time are estimated. Since the traffic in Abadan is not so slow and streets do not suffer from the of lack of high traffic load, studying the Bus dwell time at Bus stops seems required to proper urban traffic planning and decision making, make schedules of Bus lines, simulate Bus routes and ultimately to develop and improve the public transportation system.

Background and Objectives: city Bus drivers, during driving, are always exposed to the whole body vibration. This can lead to central- neural, musculoskeletal, and blood circulation disorders and develop occupational diseases due to vibration. The objective of this descriptive-analytic study is to investigate Tehran Bus drivers’ exposure to the whole body vibration.Materials and Methods: We measured parameters related to the whole body vibration, such as acceleration of the frequency weighted root sum of squares, the overall equivalent acceleration, vibration dose value, and crest factor were measured separately at three directions (X, Y, Z) in 80 Buses in 5 different types, which were selected randomly. The results obtained were compared with ISO 2631: 1997 Standard, and finally permitted driving time was calculated for different Buses.Results: Acceleration of the frequency weighted root mean of squares at X, Y axes in all of the Buses was below the district of health warning and at Z axis, it was in the district of health warning, while the overall equivalent acceleration in Icarus Buses was above the district of health warning and in other Buses it was in the district of health warning according to standard ISO 2631: 1997. Vibration dose value (VDV) was less than 8.5 and crest factor was less than 9 and in all of the Buses, it was less than the suggested permitted limits of ISO 2631: 1997 standard. Moreover, permitted driving time was estimated less than 8 hours per day and Icarus Buses had the most and Man Buses had the least vibration acceleration, crest factor, and vibration dose value respectively.Conclusion: According to the results obtained, there is the possibility of developing potential health risks in Bus drivers; therefore, it is recommended that the health and safe managers consider decrease of working hours and increase of rest time while purchasing new Buses.

One of the most important parameters in assessing the satisfaction of passengers in a Bus system is Bus frequency or Bus headway. In this study، optimization of the public transportation system’ s frequency has been investigated، which aims to determine time interval between the next Buses for a set of public transport lines determined by their travel plans. Origin-destination demand and restrictions on existing Bus fleets should be considered by results. In this way، a model (MILP) was proposed for a pre-existing model which originally formulated as a non-linear two-level formula. The proposed formulation is capable of solving the real optimality of small scale problems using the MILP technique. In order to solve large scale، a metaheuristic method has been proposed that its accuracy is estimated by comparing exact results. Both an exact and approximate approach have been tested using existing cases، thus، the public transportation system of Qazvin has been used as case study. Although its public transport system has 22 lines، an improvement of about 6% was achieved using this model. This shows that، even in small cases، there are improvements in system efficiency. Since the general improvement of Qazvin Bus system was not possible after a considerable amount of runtime، an alternative solution approach was proposed in this study. Therefore، a tabu search method has been proposed، which results in a competitive comparison with the exact model.

One of the most important problems in big cities nowadays is public transportation system and traffic. Also deficit and shortage in land transport system, especially in city transportation is one of the impediments in expansion and development of a country. One of the most effective solutions for this problem, created by the increasing number of the vehicles in big and medium cities in Iran, is developing and strengthening public transportation in the cities.In this direction, for making the best of the system for secure, continuous, inexpensive, fast and desirable services for the citizens traveling inside the city, appropriate and effective plans must be contrived.Bus transport, that is one of the most important public transportation in all the cities of Iran, especially Kashan, plays an important role in daily and interior transport of the citizens. In Kashan Bus transport system due to the lack of developed systems of transport, for example subway, Tram, city train and so on, has an important responsibility to carry a large number of passengers inside the city by itself . Due to the extreme demand for Bus services and because of its inexpensiveness, compared with the other public vehicles as taxis, the system of Bus transportation in Kashan has encountered different difficulties and for a variety of reasons, has lost its considerable efficiency. Due to the advantages of this system and its high efficiency, expanding, designing and planning this system by the experts is urgent.This essay intends to take a step toward the better recognition of the problems of Kashan Bus transportation system, especially about the standards of location, distance and the necessary accessories and equipments of the Bus stations. In this research, a combination of descriptive analysis and measurement methods has been used. The results show that the public transportation system and its potential possibilities have not been exploited properly and it encounters a lot of problems in many domains like organizational structure. Also, equipments and installation structure, especially the standards of location and the distances between the stations, the required equipments in the stations and the scheduled timetable for the Bus departures are among those points that need due and urgent attention.